May 31, 2011 (Tuesday) - Yuk-o-cytes


Another on-line morphology exercise. I think it’s fair to say I stuffed this one up. Or not so much “stuffed up” as “hadn’t got a clue”.
In practice having seen a blood film of which I could not make head or tail, I’d refer it to a consultant. But in the on-line exercise “haven’t a clue” isn’t an option….

May 26, 2011 (Thursday) - Low Platelets



Another on-line morphology exercise. The salient feature of this one was that the platelet count was only 5. I spotted that, and wanted to give ITP as the most likely diagnosis, but couldn’t find it in the list. The actual diagnosis was autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Had I actually seen that on the list, I would have chosen it. I simply didn’t see it as an option, even though I looked for ten minutes.
Some of my further testing suggestions were a tad awry, but the suggested further testing was microbiological in nature, and that’s not my forte.
However, my differential white cell count was perfect!

May 25, 2011 (Wednesday) - The BBTC Certificate



Today’s lunchtime talk was on the BBTS Specialist Certificate in Transfusion Science Practice. I for one have heard a lot of misinformation and disinformation about this qualification, and so it was good to get first hand information about it.

Whilst I don’t think that the qualification is one I would undertake myself, it strikes me that there is a lot of common ground between it and the blood transfusion sections of the IBMS specialist portfolio. Maybe I could revisit my website of advice for the IBMS specialist portfolio with that in mind…?

May 24, 2011 (Tuesday) - VBAC



An anaemic lady who has just given birth. The diagnosis was a new one to me – “VBAC”. This stands for “vaginal birth after caesarean”.

                             Specimen Results Entry

Bleeding, Profusely                              
DOB  18/08/1983 Sex F Pat No 222333       Received  11:04
Address   Her house                       24/05/2011
Diagnosis VBAC
Specimen No   :  AW172400M               Selected Auth Level : S

 HB     8.7    F000 |MONO   0.9    F000
 WBC    13.2   F000 |EOS    0.0    F000
 PLT    157    F000 |BASO   0.0    F000
 RBC    3.37   F000 |~F1   ^FILMW  F008
 HCT    0.270  F000 |                  
 MCV    79.2   F000 |                  
 MCH    25.8   F000 |                  
 MCHC   32.6   F000 |                  
 NEUH   10.5   F000 |                  
 LYMPH  1.8    F000 |                  



I naively assumed that having had a caesarean section for one birth rather forced the patient into having caesarean sections for subsequent pregnancies. I was wrong.

It would seem that this was the general opinion for much of the twentieth century, but in the 1980s and 1990s there was a move away from that school of thought, and normal deliveries would be attempted. More recently opinion has changed, and normal deliveries in such cases are only attempted given the availability of immediate surgical intervention. Having said that, some 60-80% of attempted VBAC are successful, therefore reducing the amount of caesarean sections that would have been performed in such cases.

Having said that, sometimes things are not as simple as this might seem – this case had a pre-delivery Hb of 12.4g/dl. Clearly there has been post-partum haemorrhage.

May 23, 2011 (Monday) - A Disciplinary Offence...?


Because the HPC’s disciplinary and competence hearings are a matter of pubic record, we can reflect on them. I do this quite often, but because this one involved what I do on a daily basis I find I’m taking the outcome rather personally.

A biomedical scientist in Devon was working on a late shift. There was an “incident, and now she’s been disciplined and given strict conditions of practice. From what I can determine from the public record it looks like she’s been sacked, but this is not stated explicitly.

Ms “X” (I’ll cell her Ms “X”, even though her name is openly available) was doing blood counts on the late shift. She found one of the blood count samples was clotted, and reported it as such on the hospital’s I.T. system. However she did not phone the fact. It transpired that the patient in question had a massively high white cell count which went undetected until a subsequent blood count was performed a day later. The white cell count was so high that it was judged that Ms “X” ‘s actions (or lack of)  “were serious and had a potential of causing patient harm”.

I have grave reservations about this decision.

If the late shifts Ms “X” works are anything like mine, they are not easy shifts. Telephoning results to a busy A&E department is not an easy task – they are often too busy to answer the phone, and when they do, results are often mislaid. Also patients have often moved on to other wards by the time lab results are available. Lab staff also do not have the luxury of time to spend hunting down patients. In the time it takes to phone one result, a biomedical scientist can generate another twenty sets of results. Far better to make results available (on a computer system) to people who will act on those results.

I honestly think that Ms “X” did the right thing in putting the result of “clotted” onto the computer. When the clinicians reviewing the case were in a position to consider the blood count, then they would realise the need for a repeat sample. Let us look at the facts of the case: the sample had been clotted and had not been noticed by any ward staff. Surely the fact that a patient had been in hospital for a day with a white cell count of 80 was far more “serious and had a potential of causing patient harm”?
Let us look at the causes of high white cell counts:

  • Chronic leukaemia: May not be clinical symptoms evident. A Wbc of 80 could be left overnight
  • Acute leukaemia: Patient would (most likely) have symptoms of anaemia and thrombocytopenia
  • Acute infection: Patient would (most likely) have symptoms: fever and rigors.
I honestly believe that either the patient could have been left overnight with no untoward effect, or if harm would have been done by leaving the patient, then clinical symptoms would have been evident to those looking after the patient regardless of the results of the blood count. After all, in this case she was on a hospital ward.
The fact that the first person to become aware of the report of “clotted” was another member of lab staff, and that that was a day later speaks volumes.

But Ms “X” remains with restrictions on her clinical practice, has to undergo a period of re-training, and has the only consolation that her ex-employer would “employ her in a clinical role as a Biomedical Scientist once her training is completed”.
All of which for doing what I feel I would have done in the same situation.

I can’t help but feel I’m missing something here….

May 20, 2011 (Friday) - Neutrophil Drumsticks



Whilst looking at some blood films today I found a case with rather prominent neutrophil drumsticks. I used to know what they are. I refreshed my memory. Neutrophil drumsticks are evident in females – they are the inactive X-chromosome. Women do not have two active X-chromosomes. One is randomly deactivated. (It’s not so random in marsupials, however!)
To be honest I’m not sure than much of the Lyon Hypothesis is particularly relevant to my daily round. It somehow explains tortoiseshell cats, but for my point of view, women’s neutrophils have a protruberence. For the purposes of a blood film, that’s good enough for me….

May 18, 2011 (Wednesday) - Neonatal Lupus



A lunchtime presentation: neonatal lupus erythromatosis - a rare condition in 1% of children born to mothers suffering form SLE. It's caused by the trans-placental passage of the IgG antibodies that cause SLE.

Apparently in the case discussed the mother was known to have SLE, but it wasn't considered to be a cause for concern to the baby. My initial reaction was that this is typical of modern medicine - people tend not to think out of their specialities. But then I'm guilty of this - it came as a major revelation that antibodies other than blood group antibodies can cross the placenta....